| Senior engineer ratio | High — most engineers are 5+ years experienced | High but expensive | Variable — depends on the individual | Low — junior-heavy delivery teams |
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| Direct access to builders | Yes — clients talk to engineers daily | Often gated by account managers | Yes | No — gated by program managers |
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| Cost per senior engineer (USD/month) | Mid four-figure to low five-figure | Mid to high five-figure | Low to mid four-figure | Low five-figure for senior, lower for junior pools |
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| AI/ML depth | Core practice — daily work | Strong if AI-focused; otherwise limited | Strong if specialised; rare | Generic; deep AI talent typically priced separately |
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| Cross-discipline coverage | AI, backend, frontend, mobile, DevOps, design — one team | Yes | No — usually one discipline | Yes, but at scale not depth |
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| Time-zone overlap with US/EU | Strong with EU mornings, partial with US evenings | Native overlap | Variable | Variable |
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| Engagement minimum | 3 months for dedicated; project for fixed scope | Often quarterly retainers | Hourly to weekly | Often 6+ months and large team minimums |
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| Compliance posture (GDPR, HIPAA, SOC 2) | Built-in when project requires | Strong | Limited | Strong in regulated practices |
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| IP ownership | Client owns all source code and models | Usually | Usually | Usually with caveats |
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